Cómo la política exterior de Estados Unidos de América posibilitó la supervivencia del régimen del apartheid en Sudáfrica hasta el 1989

Resumen

El presente artículo analiza cómo la política exterior de Estados Unidos de América (EE.UU.) posibilitó que el régimen del apartheid sudafricano sobreviviera hasta el 1989, fecha de inicio de la transición política impulsada por el presidente Frederik Willem de Klerk. La política exterior estadounidense permitió al régimen sortear el creciente aislamiento político y las sanciones internacionales. Sin embargo, a pesar de los beneficios obtenidos de este apoyo, los costes, tanto reputacionales como de creciente oposición y protesta social dentro de EE.UU. justificaron un cambio de política, una vez se comenzó a vislumbrar el fin de la Guerra Fría.

Citas

Arriola, J., "La revolución onto-epistemológica del constructivismo en las relaciones internacionales", Daimon. Revista Internacional de Filosofía, 2016, 163-176.

Bass, J., Roberts, P., The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection, Denver, Colorado, ABC-CLIO2020.

Boehmer, S. M., “Questionable Allies: British Collaboration with Apartheid South Africa, 1960-90”, The International History Review, Vol. 46, n. 1, 2024, 102-119.

Brits, J. P., “Tiptoeing along the Apartheid Tightrope: The United States, South Africa, and the United Nations in 1952”, The International History Review, Vol. 27, n. 4, 2005, 754-779.

Crocker, C. A., “South Africa: Strategy for Change”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 59 n. 2, 1980, 323-351.

Culverson, D. R., “The Politics of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in the United States, 1969-1986”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 111, n. 1, 1996, 127-149.

Davies, J. E., Constructive Engagement? Chester Crocker and American Policy in South Africa, Namibia and Angola 1981-1988, Oxford 2008.

Davies, J. E., “South Africa and Constructive Engagement: Lessons Learned?”, Journal of Southern African Studies, Marzo, Vol. 34, n. 1, 2008, 5-19.

Department of State, s.f. The End of Apartheid (Milestones: 1989-1992). (2024). Obtenido en https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/apartheid

Dufour, J., LLes Crises internationales, s.l.: Editions Complexe, 2004.

Ellis, S., “Firing the presidential cannons - The White House, 1963-1965”, en Freedom's Pragmatist: Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights, University Press of Florida, 2013, 139-210.

Fraser, C., “Crossin the Color Line in Little Rock: The Eisenhower Administration and the Dilemma of Race for U.S. Foreign Policy”, Diplomatic History, Vol. 24, n. 2, 2000, 233-264.

Horowitz, C. A., “From Carter to Reagan and the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986”, en The Legislative Legacy of Edward M. Kennedy: Eleven Milestones in Pursuit of Social Justice, 1965-2007, McFarland, 2014.

Klotz, A., Norms in International Relations: The struggle against apartheid, Cornell University Press, 1995.

Lake, A., The 'Tar Baby' Option: American Policy toward Southern Rhodesia, New York, Columbia University Press, 1976.

Mallinson, S., Johnson, R., “The discourses of the antiapartheid sanctions movement in the United States, 1972–86”, Safundi, Vol. 23, n. 3-4, 2022, 146-169.

Meriwether, J. H., “The White Redoubt, 1965-1974. En: Tears, Fire, and Blood: The United States and the Decolonization of Africa”, The University of North Carolina Press, 2021, 136-167.

Michel, E., “The Luster of Chrome”, Diplomatic History, 2018, 138-161.

Michel, E., “A principled Pragmatism: Gerald R. Ford and apartheid South Africa”, South African Historical Journal, Vol. 73, n. 3, 2021a, 651-678.

Michel, E., “You Haven’t Been Too Horrible to Us Recently": Lyndon Johnson and Apartheid South Africa”, Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol. 32, n. 4, 2021b, 743-765.

SAHO, 2012. States of Emergency in South Africa: the 1960s and 1980s. (2024). Obtenido en https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/states-emergency-south-africa-1960s-and-1980s

Standford University, s.f. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. (2024). Obtenido en https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/american-committee-africa-acoa

Thomson, A., “Incomplete Engagement: Reagan's South Africa Policy Revisited”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33, n. 1, 1995, 83-101.

Thomson, A., “Contending with apartheid: United States foreign policy towards South Africa, 1948-1994”, Studia Diplomatica, Vol. 58, n. 4, 2005, 51-74.

Tvedten, I., “U.S. Policy towards Angola since 1975”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 1992, 31-52.