Artículos: sección monográfica
Publicado 2026-09-04
Palabras clave
- Migraciones,
- Mujeres,
- Jóvenes,
- Interculturalidad,
- Integración
Derechos de autor 2026 Studia Humanitatis Journal

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Resumen
Los discursos contrarios a las personas migrantes actúan, crecientemente, como un relevante eje de polarización política y social. En este contexto, cobra especial relevancia el estudio de las actitudes a la inmigración. Diversas investigaciones han encontrado opiniones más favorables a las personas de origen migrante en las mujeres y en los jóvenes. Un análisis de carácter cuantitativo, elaborado a partir de la comparación entre el último estudio de actitudes hacia la inmigración del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas y la encuesta EASIE, del Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados, muestra actitudes hacia el impacto de la inmigración en España de tendencia más positiva en la juventud, sin diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres. Las respuestas a parte de los ítems mejoran, además, por lo general, desde las obtenidas en la Encuesta Social Europea de 2015, a pesar de que comienzan a empeorar recientemente en algunos aspectos. Las actitudes hacia la inmigración, aunque mayoritariamente positivas o neutras, muestran ambivalencias que sugieren la necesidad de seguir avanzando en la educación y en las políticas de integración para construir sociedades auténticamente interculturales.Referencias
- Albiero, P., & Matricardi, G. (2013). Empathy towards people of different race and ethnicity: Further empirical evidence for the scale of ethnocultural empathy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(5), 648–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.05.003
- Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
- Anderson, J., & Ferguson, R. (2018). Demographic and ideological correlates of negative attitudes towards asylum seekers: A meta-analytic review. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12162
- Arora, M. (2020). Immigrant opposition in a changing national demographic. Political Research Quarterly, 73(2), 340–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919827107
- Baker, J. O., & Edmonds, A. E. (2021). Immigration, presidential politics, and partisan polarization among the American public, 1992–2018. Sociological Spectrum, 41(4), 287–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2021.1900760
- Barni, D., Cavazza, N., Russo, S., Vieno, A., & Rocatto, M. (2020). Intergroup contact and prejudice toward immigrants: A multinational, multilevel test of the moderating role of individual conservative values and cultural embeddedness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 75, 106–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.02.004
- Bearce, D. H., & Roosevelt, M. (2019). A sometimes hidden economic dimension to individual immigration preferences: Cross-national evidence in support of the labor competition hypothesis. Political Research Quarterly, 72(4), 894–909. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912918819863
- Bentsen, B. M. A. (2022). Intergroup contact and negative attitudes towards immigrants among youth in Sweden: Individual and contextual factors. Journal of International Migration & Integration, 23, 243–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00837-x
- Berg, J. A. (2024). Assessing the effects of intergroup contact on immigration attitudes. The Social Science Journal, 61(1), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1814982
- Borgonovi, F., & Pokropek, A. (2019). Education and attitudes toward migration in a cross country perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2224. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02224
- Caro-Carretero, R., Fernández, M., & Valbuena, C. (2024). Advancing the knowledge of Spaniards’ attitudes towards immigration. Sage Open, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244024127191
- Cea D’Ancona, M. A. (2004). La activación de la xenofobia en España. ¿Qué miden las encuestas? (Vol. Monografía nº 210). Siglo XXI Editores.
- Cea D’Ancona, M. A. (2016). Percepción social de las migraciones en España. Panorama Social, 24, 129–144.
- Cea D’Ancona, M. A., & Valles Martínez, M. S. (2015). Evolución del racismo, la xenofobia y otras formas conexas de intolerancia en España [Informe Encuesta 2014]. Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia.
- Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas [CIS]. (2017). Actitudes hacia la inmigración (X) [Estudio nº 3190. Septiembre 2017].
- Choi, D. D., Poertner, M., & Sambanis, N. (2023). The Hijab penalty: Feminist backlash to muslim immigrants. American Journal of Political Science, 67(2), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12627
- Comisión Europea. (2022). Special Eurobarometer 519: Integration of immigrants in the European Union [Report No. DR-06-22-176-EN-N]. Publications Office of the European Union.
- Davidov, E., & Semyonov, M. (2017). Attitudes toward immigrants in European societies. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 58(5), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715217732183
- Donnaloja, V. (2025). Education expansion and attitudes toward immigrants across generations in the United Kingdom. International Migration Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918325138675
- Dražanová, L., Gonnot, J., Heidland, T., & Krüger, F. (2024). Which individual-level factors explain public attitudes toward immigration?: A meta-analysis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 50(2), 317–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.226557
- European Social Survey. (2016). Actitudes hacia la inmigración y sus antecedentes: Principales resultados de la séptima edición de la Encuesta Social Europea [ESS Topline Results Series issue 7]. Centro de Estudios Comparativos de Ciencias Sociales, City University.
- European Social Survey European Research Infrastructure (ESS ERIC). (2018). ESS7 - integrated file, edition 2.3 [Data set]. Sikt - Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research. https://doi.org/10.21338/ess7e02_3
- European Social Survey European Research Infrastructure (ESS ERIC). (2025). ESS11 - integrated file, edition 4.1 [Data set]. Sikt - Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research. https://doi.org/10.21338/ess11e04_1
- European Social Survey European Research Infrastructure (ESS ERIC). (2026). ESS9 - integrated file, edition 3.3 [Data set]. Sikt - Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research. https://doi.org/10.21338/ess9e03_3
- Fernández, M., Valbuena, C., & Caro, R. (2019). Evolución del racismo, la xenofobia y otras formas de intolerancia en España [Informe Encuesta 2017]. Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia.
- Fernández-Suárez, B. (2024). The rhetoric of reaction in Spain: Radical right, gender, and immigration. En L. Merla, S. Murru, G. Orsini, & T. Vuckovic Juros (Eds.), Excluding diversity through intersectional borderings (pp. 23–42). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65623-1_2
- Frølund Thomsen, J. P., & Olsen, M. (2017). Re-examining socialization theory: How does democracy influence the impact of education on anti-foreigner sentiment. British Journal of Political Science, 47(4), Article 915938. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000496
- Gamalerio, M., Luca, M., Romarri, A., & Viskanic, M. (2023). Refugee reception, extreme-right voting, and compositional amenities: Evidence from Italian municipalities. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 100, Article 103892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2023.103892
- García Muñoz, T. M., & Milgram-Balex, J. (2021). Explaining attitudes towards immigration: The role of economic factors. Politics and Governance, 9(4), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i4.4487
- González Enríquez, C., Mariscal-de-Gante, Álvaro, & Rinken, S. (2024). Las actitudes hacia la inmigración y los inmigrantes en España. Una tipología. Papers. Revista De Sociología, 109(3), Article 3261. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.3261
- González Enríquez, C., & Rinken, S. (2021). La opinión pública ante la inmigración y el efecto de VOX. Análisis del Real Instituto Elcano (ARI), 33.
- Gorodzeisky, A., & Semyonov, M. (2018). Competitive threat and temporal change in anti-immigrant sentiment: Insights from a hierarchical age-period-cohort model. Social Science Research, 73, 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.03.013
- Green, E. G. T., Visintin, E. P., Sarrasin, O., & Hewstone, M. (2020). When integration policies shape the impact of intergroup contact on threat perceptions: A multilevel study across 20 European countries. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(3), 631–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550159
- Gul, S. (2023). Parliamentary representation of radical right and anti-immigration attitudes. Electoral Studies, 86, Article 102680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102680
- Held, V., & Oberbrunner, C. V. (1995). Justice and care. Essential readings in feminist ethics. Routledge.
- Herda, D. (2023). Misperceptions, intergroup prejudice, and the varied encounters between European citizens and non-EU foreigners. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 35(4), Article edad035. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edad035
- Holm, K., Nokelainen, P., & Tirri, K. (2009). Relationship of gender and academic achievement to Finnish students’ intercultural sensitivity. High Ability Studies, 20(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598130903358543
- Hout, M., & Maggio, C. (2021). Immigration, race & political polarization. Daedalus, 150(2), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01845
- Hoxhaj, R., & Zuccotti, C. V. (2021). The complex relationship between immigrants’ concentration, socioeconomic environment and attitudes towards immigrants in Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44(2), 272–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1730926
- Hundt, D. (2016). Public opinion, social cohesion, and the politics of immigration in South Korea. Contemporary Politics, 22(4), 487–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2016.1186346
- Iglesias, J., & Ares, A. (Dirs.). (2021). Lo que esconde el sosiego: Prejuicio étnico y relaciones de convivencia entre nativos e inmigrantes en barrios populares [Colección de Estudios, 49]. Fundación FOESSA.
- Indelicato, A., Martín, J. C., & Scuderi, R. (2023). A comparison of attitudes towards immigrants from the perspective of the political party vote. Heliyon, 9(3), Article 14089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14089
- Izquierdo Escribano, A. (2022). La exclusión de vidas ajenas: La integración social de los inmigrantes extranjeros en España (2028-2021). En J. Arando Vila-Belda (Coord.), La inserción laboral y social de inmigrantes y refugiados en España (pp. 57–72) [Colección Estudios Económicos Mediterráneo Económico, 36]. Cajamar Caja Rural.
- Jeannet, A. M., & Dražanová, L. (2024). Blame it on my youth: The origins of attitudes towards immigration. Acta Politica, 59(4), 866–895. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-023-00314-6
- Kato, G., & Lu, F. (2023). The relationship between university education and pro-immigrant attitudes varies by generation: Insights from Japan. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 35(4), edad027. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edad027
- Kende, J., Feher, L., Tropp, L. R., Green, E. G. T., Jacobs, D., & Klein, O. (2025). Friendship with immigrants and inclusive policies correspond to more positive perceptions of immigrants: A longitudinal multilevel analysis across North America and Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 55(1), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.3135
- Kende, J., Sarrasin, O., Manatschal, A., Phalet, K., & Green, E. G. T. (2022). Policies and prejudice: Integration policies moderate the link between immigrant presence and anti-immigrant prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(2), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000376
- Kim, S. H. (2020). Natives’ skills and attitudes towards immigrants: Evidence from 20 OECD countries. International Journal of Manpower, 41(4), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-03-2019-0117
- Kustov, A. (2023). Do anti-immigration voters care more?: Documenting the issue importance asymmetry of immigration attitudes. British Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 796–805. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000369
- Lancaster, C. M. (2020). Value shift: Immigration attitudes and the sociocultural divide. British Journal of Political Science, 52(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000526
- Langsæther, P. E., & Knutsen, C. H. (2024). Are women more progressive than men?: Attitudinal gender gaps in West European democracies. International Political Science Review, 46(3), 442–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/01925121241280069
- Mariscal-de-Gante, Álvaro, & Rinken, S. (2022). “No es culpa de ellos”. Discursos sobre la inmigración tras la irrupción de la derecha radical en el sistema político español. Migraciones. Publicación Del Instituto Universitario De Estudios Sobre Migraciones, 55, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.2022.011
- Maureen, A. E., Mitchell, J., & Hjerm, M. (2022). When I was growing up: The lasting impact of immigrant presence on native-born american attitudes towards immigrants and immigration. European Sociological Review, 38(2), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcab038
- McLaren, L., Neundorf, A., & Paterson, I. (2021). Diversity and perceptions of immigration: How the past influences the present. Political Studies, 69(3), 725–747. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720922774
- McLaren, L., & Paterson, I. (2020). Generational change and attitudes to immigration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(3), 665–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550170
- OBIMID-IUEM-Comillas. (2022). Informe: Pandemia y migración. Universidad de Comillas.
- Park, J. S. (2025). Gendered xenophobia?: Gendered interpretation of immigration and labor market vulnerability. Comparative Political Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414025139251
- Park, S., & Tuxhorn, K. L. (2023). Exploring the ideational explanation for pro-immigrant sentiment: Evidence from a South Korean survey. Comparative Migration Studies, 11, Article 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-023-00340-5
- Pecoraro, M., & Ruedin, D. (2015). A foreigner who does not steal my job: The role of unemployment risk and values in attitudes toward equal opportunities. International Migration Review, 50(3), 628–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12162
- Pellegrini, V., De Cristofaro, V., Salvati, M., Giacomantonio, M., & Leone, L. (2021). Social exclusion and anti-immigration attitudes in Europe: The mediating role of interpersonal trust. Social Indicators Research, 155, 697–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02618-6
- Ponce, A. (2017). Gender and anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023117729970
- Pryce, D. K. (2018). U.S. citizens’ current attitudes toward immigrants and immigration: A study from the general social survey. Social Science Quarterly, 99(4), 1467–1483. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12514
- Rinken, S. (2021). Las actitudes ante la inmigración y los inmigrantes en España. Datos recientes y necesidades de conocimiento [Presentación en el seminario del Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia, de la Secretaría de Estado de Migraciones el 16 de septiembre de 2021]. IESA-CSIC.
- Rinken, S. (2022). La actitud antiinmigrante en España: Difusión social e implicaciones. En J. Arando Vila-Belda (Coord.), La inserción laboral y social de inmigrantes y refugiados en España (pp. 251–265) [Colección Estudios Económicos Mediterráneo Económico, 36]. Cajamar Caja Rural.
- Rinken, S., Baruschi, D., Domínguez Álvarez, J. A., Godenau, D., González Enríquez, C., Lafuente, R., Mariscal-de-Gante, A., Pasadas-de-Amo, S., Rachal, J., Trujillo, M., & Valera, S. (2023). Survey on attitudes toward immigration and immigrants in Spain (EASIE) [Data base]. Digital CSIC. https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/15586
- Schmidt, K. (2021). The dynamics of attitudes toward immigrants: Cohort analyses for Western EU member states. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 62(4), 281–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152211052582
- Schmidt-Catran, A. W., & Czymara, C. S. (2023). Political elite discourses polarize attitudes toward immigration along ideological lines: A comparative longitudinal analysis of Europe in the twenty-first century. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(1), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2132222
- Schotte, S., & Wincler, H. (2018). Why are the elderly more averse to immigration when they are more likely to benefit?: Evidence across countries. International Migration Review, 52(4), 1250–1282. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918318767927
- Solhaug, T., & Kristensen, N. N. (2019). Gender and Intercultural Competence: Analysis of intercultural competence among upper secondary school students in Denmark and Norway. Educational Psychology, 40(1), 120–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1646410
- Spierings, N., & Zaslove, A. (2015). Gendering the vote for populist radical-right parties. Patterns of Prejudice, 49(1–2), 135–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1024404
- Umansky, K., Weber, D., & Lutz, W. (2025). Revisiting the role of education in attitudes toward immigration in different contexts in Europe. Genus, 81, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-024-00238-9
- Vallejo-Martín, M., Canto, J. M., San Martín García, J. E., & Perles Novas, F. (2021). Prejudice towards immigrants: The importance of social context, ideological postulates, and perception of outgroup threat. Sustainability, 13(9), Article 4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094993
- Van der Brug, W., & Harteveld, E. (2021). The conditional effects of the refugee crisis on immigration attitudes and nationalism. European Union Politics, 22(2), 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116520988905
- Vogt Isaksen, J. (2019). The impact of the financial crisis on European attitudes toward immigration. Comparative Migration Studies, 7, Article 24, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0127-5
- Wang, J., & Kim, S. (2021). Multilevel analysis of social and policy acceptance of immigrants across European countries and its implications for comparative policy. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 23(4), 416–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2020.1777099